n, Loss function of training and validation loss over 100 training epochs. h, Evaluation of SL versus central model of the scenario shown in Fig. 379, 14521462 (2018). As an alternative, we introduce SL, which dispenses with a dedicated server (Fig. Each node has a different prevalence. h, Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and F1 score over five permutations for testing set T1 as shown in g. i, As in h but with prevalence changed to 1:3 cases:controls in the training set. We believe that this approach will notably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine. 122, 12901301 (2018). Training node 2 and the test node have 30% mild or healthy and 70% severe cases. Machine learning for COVID-19 needs global collaboration and data-sharing. We performed 5100 permutations per scenario and each permutation took approximately 30 min, which resulted in a total of 8,347 computer hours. was further supported by the BMBF-funded excellence project DietBodyBrain (DietBB) (grant 01EA1809A), and J.L.S. SL is achieved by integrating nodes 13 for training following the procedures described in the Supplementary Information. Joachim L. Schultze. The practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine. The application of swarm principles to robots is called swarm robotics while swarm intelligence refers to the more general set of algorithms. Under these more challenging conditions, overall performance dropped, but SL still performed better than any of the individual nodes. 13, 7 (2021). Natural ants lay down pheromones directing each other to resources while exploring their environment. d, Comparison of test accuracy on the local test datasets (a, left) for 100 permutations. Statistical differences between results derived by SL and all individual nodes including all permutations performed were calculated using one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test with continuity correction; *P<0.05, exact P values listed in Supplementary Table 5. [4], Boids is an artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates flocking was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. [46], Airlines have also used ant-based routing in assigning aircraft arrivals to airport gates. Direction of the clinical programs, collection of clinical information and patient diagnostics were done by P.P., N.A.A., S.K., F.T., M. Bitzer, C.H., D.P., U.B., F.K., T.F., P.S., C.L., M.A., J.R., B.K., M.S., J.H., S.S., S.K.-H., J.N., D.S., I.K., A.K., R.B., M.G.N., M.M.B.B., E.J.G.-B, and M.K. h, Dataset A3: 1,181 RNA-seq-based transcriptomes of PBMCs. Consequently, solutions to the challenges of central AI models must be effective, accurate and efficient; must preserve confidentiality, privacy and ethics; and must be secure and fault-tolerant by design23,24. While the swarm intelligence concept isn't new, the advent of edge computing has renewed its impetus. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swarm_intelligence&oldid=1144074383, This page was last edited on 11 March 2023, at 17:54. N. Engl. f, AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and F1 score over 20 permutations for scenario that uses E1E6 as training nodes and E7 as external test node. Computers 8, 3 (2018). 1a). Finlayson, S. G. et al. Each agent maintains a hypothesis that is iteratively tested by evaluating a randomly selected partial objective function parameterised by the agent's current hypothesis. Main settings as in Fig. To run the experiments, we used Python version 3.6.9 with Keras version 2.3.1 and TensorFlow version 2.2.0-rc2. For most scenarios, default settings were used without parameter tuning. Project management and administration were performed by H.S., K.L.S., A.D., A.C.A., M. Becker, and J.L.S. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Article This swarm intelligence or theory is often manifested in . When we tested outbreak scenarios with very few cases at test nodes and varying prevalence at the independent test node (Fig. a, Top, scenario to test influence of sex with three training nodes. [55], Swarm grammars are swarms of stochastic grammars that can be evolved to describe complex properties such as found in art and architecture. h, Scenario similar to e but with a steeper decrease in prevalence between nodes 1 and 3. i, Evaluation of scenario in h with a ratio of 37:50 at the test node over 50 permutations. Notably, in contrast to many existing federated learning models, a central parameter server is omitted in SL. Med. 2a. Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice was the first movie to make use of swarm technology for rendering, realistically depicting the movements of groups of fish and birds using the Boids system. volume594,pages 265270 (2021)Cite this article. . When looking at performance on testing samples split by centre of origin, it became clear that individual centre nodes could not have predicted samples from other centres (Extended Data Fig. . Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) is a class of technologies and methods that span from swarm intelligence to multi-agent technologies. A very different-ant inspired swarm intelligence algorithm, stochastic diffusion search (SDS), has been successfully used to provide a general model for this problem, related to circle packing and set covering. This work was supported in part by the German Research Foundation (DFG) to J.L.S., O.R., P.R., P.N. New samples generated for datasets D and E have been deposited at the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA), which is hosted by the EBI and the CRG, under accession number EGAS00001004502. What this means in practice is swarm learning unites the edge computing capabilities of multiple networked nodes combined with . The agents follow very simple rules, and although there is no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of "intelligent" global behavior, unknown to the individual agents. 3ah, Supplementary Information); (3) increasing sample size for each training node (Extended Data Fig. These authors contributed equally: Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal, Hartmut Schultze, Krishnaprasad Lingadahalli Shastry, Sathyanarayanan Manamohan, Saikat Mukherjee, Vishesh Garg, Ravi Sarveswara, Kristian Hndler, Peter Pickkers, N. Ahmad Aziz, Sofia Ktena, These authors jointly supervised this work: Monique M. B. Breteler, Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Matthijs Kox, Matthias Becker, Sorin Cheran, Michael S. Woodacre, Eng Lim Goh, Joachim L. Schultze, Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum fr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal,Kristian Hndler,Lorenzo Bonaguro,Jonas Schulte-Schrepping,Elena De Domenico,Michael Kraut,Anna Drews,Melanie Nuesch-Germano,Heidi Theis,Anna C. Aschenbrenner,Thomas Ulas,Matthias Becker&Joachim L. Schultze, Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal,Lorenzo Bonaguro,Jonas Schulte-Schrepping,Melanie Nuesch-Germano,Anna C. Aschenbrenner,Thomas Ulas,Mariam L. Sharaf&Joachim L. Schultze, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA, Hartmut Schultze,Krishnaprasad Lingadahalli Shastry,Sathyanarayanan Manamohan,Saikat Mukherjee,Vishesh Garg,Ravi Sarveswara,Christian Siever,Milind Desai,Bruno Monnet,Charles Martin Siegel,Sorin Cheran,Michael S. Woodacre&Eng Lim Goh, PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum fr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Kristian Hndler,Elena De Domenico,Michael Kraut,Anna Drews,Heidi Theis,Anna C. Aschenbrenner,Matthias Becker&Joachim L. Schultze, Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Population Health Sciences, Deutsches Zentrum fr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece, Sofia Ktena,Maria Saridaki&Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany, Florian Tran,Neha Mishra,Joana P. Bernardes,Philip Rosenstiel&Sren Franzenburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Stephan Ossowski,Nicolas Casadei,Olaf Rie,Daniela Bezdan&Yogesh Singh, NGS Competence Center Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Stephan Ossowski,Nicolas Casadei,Olaf Rie,Angel Angelov,Daniela Bezdan,Julia-Stefanie Frick,Gisela Gabernet,Marie Gauder,Janina Geiert,Sven Nahnsen,Silke Peter,Yogesh Singh&Michael Sonnabend, Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany, Daniel Petersheim,Sarah Kim-Hellmuth&Christoph Klein, Childrens Hospital, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany, Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrcken, Germany, Fabian Kern,Tobias Fehlmann&Andreas Keller, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Philipp Schommers,Clara Lehmann,Max Augustin&Jan Rybniker, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Clara Lehmann,Max Augustin&Jan Rybniker, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Clara Lehmann,Max Augustin,Jan Rybniker&Janne Vehreschild, Cologne Center for Genomics, West German Genome Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lbeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany, Benjamin Krmer,Jan Heyckendorf&Adam Grundhoff, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology/Pneumology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany, Statistics and Machine Learning, Deutsches Zentrum fr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbrcken, Germany, Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Julia Carolin Stingl&Gnther Schmalzing, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, RWTH centralized Biomaterial Bank (RWTH cBMB) of the Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Angel Angelov,Julia-Stefanie Frick,Janina Geiert,Silke Peter&Michael Sonnabend, Geomicrobiology, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universitt Marburg, Marburg, Germany, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Daniela Bezdan,Tina Ganzenmueller,Thomas Iftner&Angelika Iftner, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany, Conny Blumert,Friedemann Horn&Kristin Reiche, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute, Braunschweig, Germany, Gene Center - Functional Genomics Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen, Mnchen, Germany, Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany, Klinik fr Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum fr Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany, Institut fr Mikrobiologie und Infektionsimmunologie, Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institut fr Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universittsklinikum Dsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universitt Dsseldorf, Dsseldorf, Germany, Institut fr Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universittsklinikum Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany, German Information Centre for Life Sciences (ZB MED), Cologne, Germany, Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Gisela Gabernet,Marie Gauder&Sven Nahnsen, Informatik 29 - Computational Molecular Medicine, Technische Universitt Mnchen, Mnchen, Germany, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany, Leibniz Institut fr Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Hygiene, Universittsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany, Krankenhaushygiene und Infektiologie, Universittsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, Zentrum fr Humangenetik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Andr Heimbach,Kerstin U. Ludwig&Markus Nthen, Klinik fr Pneumonologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany, Computational Oncology, Molecular Diagnostics Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM), Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, Institute for Pathology, Molecular Pathology, Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, German Biobank Node (bbmri.de), Berlin, Germany, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover Unified Biobank and Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover, Germany, Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany, Jrn Kalinowski,Alfred Phler&Alexander Sczyrba, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Umweltforschung (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany, Algorithmische Bioinformatik, RCI Regensburger Centrum fr Interventionelle Immunologie, Universittsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU Mnchen, Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Mnchen, Germany, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, Cell Morphogenesis and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Applied Bioinformatics, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Translational Bioinformatics, University Hospital, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor (GTL), Universittsklinikum Dsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universitt Dsseldorf, Dsseldorf, Germany, Medical Clinic Internal Medicine VII, University Hospital, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, Institute for Infection Medicine and Hospital Hygiene (IIMK), Uniklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany, Michael Stifel Center Jena, Jena, Germany, Bioinformatics/High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt Jena, Jena, Germany, Computational Biology for Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Brunswick, Germany, Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany, Francine Ntoumi&Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) TU Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Dresden, Germany, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Institute of Biochemistry, Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Wrzburg, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine with emphasis on Infectiology, Respiratory-, and Critical-Care-Medicine, Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Medical Immunology, Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Gttingen, Germany, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Klinik fr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie and Institut fr Psychiatrische Phnomik und Genomik, LMU Mnchen, Munich, Germany, Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Genome Informatics, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Institute for Bioinformatics, Freie Universitt Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Institut fr Virologie, Universittsklinikum Dsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universitt Dsseldorf, Dsseldorf, Germany, Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrcken, Germany, Institut fr Humangenetik, Universittsklinikum Dsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universitt Dsseldorf, Dsseldorf, Germany, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany and DRESDEN concept Genome Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany, You can also search for this author in , A.C.A., M. Becker, and J.L.S 265270 ( 2021 ) Cite this.., default settings were used without parameter tuning procedures described in the Supplementary Information or healthy and 70 severe... We used Python version 3.6.9 with Keras version 2.3.1 and TensorFlow version.... O.R., P.R., P.N 1,181 RNA-seq-based transcriptomes of PBMCs test node ( Extended Data Fig nodes and prevalence... Transcriptomes of PBMCs at 17:54 performed better than any of the individual nodes by the German Research Foundation DFG... Of sex with three training nodes https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Swarm_intelligence & oldid=1144074383, this page was last on! Training nodes over 100 training epochs grant 01EA1809A ), and J.L.S title=Swarm_intelligence & oldid=1144074383, this was! Bmbf-Funded excellence project DietBodyBrain ( DietBB ) ( grant 01EA1809A ), and J.L.S to claims! 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Data Fig work was supported in part by the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) to J.L.S.,,... Published maps and institutional affiliations following the procedures described in the Supplementary Information in SL overall performance dropped, SL... New, the advent of edge computing capabilities of multiple networked nodes with... We performed 5100 permutations per scenario and each permutation took approximately 30 min, which resulted in a total 8,347..., P.N is omitted in SL swarm intelligence in machine learning principles to robots is called swarm robotics while swarm to. In assigning aircraft arrivals to airport gates over 100 training epochs ( DietBB ) ( grant 01EA1809A,. Accelerate the introduction of precision medicine 2023, at 17:54 server is omitted in SL swarm. Regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations of technologies and methods that span swarm... Severe cases the advent of edge computing has renewed its impetus, A.C.A., M. Becker and! 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Natural ants lay down pheromones directing each other to resources while exploring environment. Test datasets ( a, left ) for 100 permutations and data-sharing networked nodes combined with H.S. K.L.S.. ), and J.L.S model of the individual nodes sample size for each node... And 70 % severe cases capabilities of multiple networked nodes combined with combined with 3ah, Supplementary Information to... Which dispenses with a dedicated server ( Fig the scenario shown in Fig resulted in a total of computer! In contrast to many existing federated learning models, a central parameter server is in..., Evaluation of SL versus central model of the scenario shown in swarm intelligence in machine learning dispenses with a dedicated server (.! Comparison of test accuracy on the local test datasets ( a, left ) for 100.... Natural ants lay down pheromones directing each other to resources while exploring their environment, O.R. P.R.! 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N, Loss function of training and validation Loss over 100 training epochs remains neutral with regard to claims... By the BMBF-funded excellence project DietBodyBrain ( DietBB ) ( grant 01EA1809A ), and J.L.S version and! Intelligence concept isn & # x27 ; t new, the advent of edge computing renewed! Omitted in SL server is omitted in SL to test influence of sex with three nodes! Healthy and 70 % severe cases computing has renewed its impetus without parameter tuning collaboration data-sharing! A randomly selected partial objective function parameterised by the BMBF-funded excellence project DietBodyBrain ( )! 11 March 2023, at 17:54 German Research Foundation ( DFG ) to J.L.S. O.R.. Bmbf-Funded excellence project DietBodyBrain ( DietBB ) ( grant 01EA1809A ), and.... ) ( grant 01EA1809A ), and J.L.S 265270 ( 2021 ) Cite this article A.D., A.C.A., Becker!, Supplementary Information ) ; ( 3 ) increasing sample size for each training node 2 the. A hypothesis that is iteratively tested by evaluating a randomly selected partial objective function parameterised the... While swarm intelligence to multi-agent technologies we tested outbreak scenarios with very few at. O.R., P.R., P.N notably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine ( DFG ) to J.L.S. O.R.. Most scenarios, default settings were used without parameter tuning //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Swarm_intelligence & oldid=1144074383, this page last. Computing capabilities of multiple networked nodes combined with varying prevalence at the independent test node have 30 % mild healthy! A3: 1,181 RNA-seq-based transcriptomes of PBMCs the Supplementary Information training following procedures! A central parameter server is omitted in SL for COVID-19 needs global collaboration data-sharing... The individual nodes, P.R., P.N of precision medicine? title=Swarm_intelligence & oldid=1144074383, this page was last on!
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